Rabu, 28 Januari 2009

kemampuan physx di nvidia

Saya kumpulkan referensi buat para CLOCKer yang masih penasaran soal kemampuan PhysX ini

Intinya karena CPU terlalu terbatas komputasi utk perhitungan parallel dan berulang seperti DSP, makanya GPU lebih potential utk mengolah physics processing... kenapa PPU tidak laku? Pertama karena terlalu mahal, sisanya baca di sini...
http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/ageias...iling,1285.html

Pada akhirnya AGEIA dibeli oleh nVidia. NVIDIA kemudian memasukkan unit perhitungan khusus ke dalam GPU nya dinamakan CUDA yang dapat diprogram. Perhitungan physics dapat dilakukan di dalam GPU nvidia secara cepat dan sekaligus tidak menghilangkan fungsinya sebagai GPU. GPU+PPU menyatu dalam vga card yang notabene terjangkau dibanding PPU khusus.

NVIDIA mengaktifkan PhysX sejak GeForce seri 8. Untuk yang AGP nampaknya harus mengalah, karena saya tidak yakin dapat diimplementasikan di AGP. (BTW, apakah ada vga GF8 di AGP?)

Apa itu GeForce PhysX (8 halaman)
http://www.guru3d.com/article/physx-by-nvidia-review/

Benchmark meliputi AGEIA VS PhysX
-GeForce only, Radeon only
-GeForce + PhysX, Radeon + AGEIA
http://www.firingsquad.com/hardware/physx_...ormance_update/


Perkembangan PhysX di game:
EA Signed on to License NVIDIA PhysX Technology
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/EA-Sig...-13769976.html

2K Games Licenses NVIDIA PhysX Technology for Its Studios Worldwide
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/2K-Gam...-13769975.html

THQ chooses Nvidia's PhysX technology for better gaming
http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/40652/140/

Sebagai info tambahan... score 3DMark Vantage yang mengimplementasikan physics akan berubah fantastis ketika menggunakan GeForce PhysX.

Bahkan CPU Intel tercepat pun (Core i7 tanpa bantuan PPU atau GF PhysX) belum tentu bisa mengalahkan Core2Duo E7xxx/ E8xxx yg dibantu PhysX 9800GTX+ dalam CPUScore 3DMark Vantage.

CPU Core2Duo E4600 milik saya hanya bisa CPUScore 5500 tanpa PhysX, tapi begitu diberikan bantuan dari 9800GTX+ PhysX, nilai berubah fantastis jadi 29000. Sedangkan Core i7 pun hanya bisa berkisar di 12000-15000.

Untuk kombinasi nvidia + ati, nampaknya memungkinkan pada OS terbaru. TApi apakah worthy utk dicoba, diserahkan pada pengguna. Karena saya tidak bisa mengatakan bahwa ATI/AMD lebih buruk. Keduanya tetap bagus. Terutama karena AMD sedang menyiapkan suatu fusion antara CPU+GPU.

Semoga info ini bisa membantu buat yang penasaran.

bios baru GIGABYTE untuk chipset p45/p43

Baru saja dapat kabar, GIGABYTE telah berhasil membuat BIOS baru untuk seluruh model P45/P43 agar dapat berjalan pada frekuensi DDR2-1333 (Overclock Mode). Tentu saja dibutuhkan memory yang memang dapat berjalan pada kecepatan tersebut.

Silahkan download sesuai model motherboard anda :

[url=http://rapidshare.com/files/139731808/ep45ex.f6h.html]GA-EP45-Extreme[/url]

[url=http://rapidshare.com/files/139732313/ep45ds4p.f6g.html]GA-EP45-DS4P[/url]

[url=http://rapidshare.com/files/139732912/ep45dq6.10k.html]GA-EP45-DQ6[/url]

[url=http://rapidshare.com/files/139733373/ep45ds3r.f9l.html]GA-EP45-DS3R[/url]

[url=http://rapidshare.com/files/139733858/ep43ds3l.f7i.html]GA-EP43-DS3L[/url][/bios baru gigabyte untuk chipset p45/p43

daftar batch procesor yang bagus buat oc

berikut ini adalah daftar batch procesor yang bnagus buat oc,cek apakah procesor yang u punya memiliki batch tersebut
45nm Processor :

Q9450 :
- L816A765 ==> 3,6GHz @FSB450x8; VCore=1,312v(CPUz); 1,25v(BIOS); Orthos 10m 58s; TRUX (liehanhan)

Xeon 3110 :
- Q745A778 ==> 4,250GHz@fsb500x8.5; vcore=1,472v; temp=65@orthos 1h (becco)

E8200 :
- Q740A475 ==> 4,0GHz @fsb500x8; VCore=1,269v(cpuz); orthos 14h 15m (phoxie_toxic)
- Q746A611 ==> 3,20GHz@fsb400x8; VCore=1,184v(cpuz); OCCT 5h 45m (ayankga)
- Q746A547 ==> 3,808GHz@fsb476x8; VCore=1,280v(cpuz); dual SPi 1m (swodie)
- Q747A320 ==> 4,0GHz@fsb456x8; VCore=1,456v(cpuz); orthos 15min; temp full load=70; Swiftech Apogee GT (yoes-top)
- Q747A388 ==> 4,0GHz@fsb501x8; Vcore=1,34v(cpuz); orthos 1h 5m (amukti)

E8400 :
- Q748a143 ==> 4,0GHz@fsb445x9; vcore=1,328v(cpuz); orthos 8h ; temp full load=58 (everest) (HugoBoss)
- Q81XaXXX ==> 4,25Ghz @FSB473x9; vcore=1.325v(win); orthos 8h! (phoxie_toxic)
- Q806A281 ==> 4,1GHz@fsb456x9; Vcore=1,26v(win); orthos 1h 40m! (AnnaMan)
- Q806A281 ==> 4,4GHz@fsb500x9; Vcore=1,4v(win); dual SPi 32m+orthos 8m! (biji kodok)
- Q808A451 ==> 4,2GHz@fsb500x8.5; Vcore=1,33v(bios), 1,31v(win); orthos 8m! (P Ramlee)
- Q815A266 ==> 4,2GHz@fsb467x9; vcore=1,296v(win), orthos 1h 30m (AnnaMan)
- Q815A266 ==> 4,2GHz@fsb467x9; vcore=1,31(win), orthos 3m 45s (yoes-top)
- Q818A235 ==> 4,0GHz@fsb444x9; vcore=1,29(CPUz-full load), orthos 24m 12s (Montana)

65nm Processor :

Q6600 :
- L726A869 revision G0 ==> 3,6 Ghz @ fsb400; VCore=1,36V; temp=42C (idle); cooler=TT Volcano4008 + MX-2 (yoes-top)
- 729A201 ==> 3.2GHz @ 1.2625v (burn_in_hell)
- L737B831 ==> 4.0GHz @ FSB445; Vcore=1,525V bios(Quad Pi 32M) / 1.493V(SPi 32M)/1.528v (cpuz) prime 5min (biji kodok)
- L720B066 ==> 3.8GHz @ FSB423; Vcore=1,47V win(prime95) (biji kodok)
- L737A705 ==> 3.19GHz @ FSB355; def Vcore (Arnoldo)

E2140 :
- L27A110 ==> FSb 400 vcore default (angelicavoc)
- Q652A301 ==> 385MHz @ 1,465v; max 390MHz @ 1,6v (X100)

E6750 :
- L716A730 ==> 3,85GHz (FSB 481) @1.525v Bios; TT BigTyphoon (jengkol)
- L719A789 ==> 3,87GHz (FSB 484) @1.525 Bios; temperature=42 (Spi 4M); MaxOrb w/ 10000rpm Datech fan (testament85)

E6600 :
- L719B263 ==> 3,5GHz@FSB 390! Vcore=1.328V(win)/1,365v(bios), Temp=35 idle/52 (full load); cooler=TT Volcano4008 + MX-2 (yoes-top)
- L629A807 ==> 3,6GHz@FSB 400x9! Vcore=1,504V (cpuz); Temp=70 (orthos 5 jam-an) >< MAX : 4GHz @FSB 500x8! Vcore=1,68v (cpuz); temp idle=65c (amukti)
- L719B263 ==> 3,7GHz@FSB 404! Vcore 1.49v (win) (orthos 15min) >< MAX : 3,807GHz@FSB 423x9 VCore = 1,6v (cpuz) (phoxie_toxic)
- L707B616 ==> 3,6GHz@FSB 400x9! Vcore 1.4v (win) (dual Spi 1m) >< MAX : 3,815GHz@FSB 424x9VCore = 1,6v (cpuz) (ogel2)
- L630A830 ==> 3,5GHz@FSB 500x7! Vcore=1,27 (win) (SPi 4m)! Cooler=TT Bigtyhpoon (Jengkol)

E6400 :
- Q649A094 ==> 3,115GHz@FSB445x7! VCore=1,370v(cpuz); (Everest System Stability Test : 30min); temp=58 (badjoe)

E6320 :
- L710A233 / SLA4U ==> 3,29@fsb470x7; vcore=1,34v (default-cpuz); orthos 20h 12m (simply_bre)

E6300 :
- L626A.... 3,5@FSB 500x7! Vcore=1.375V >< MAX : 3,7GHz@FSB 530x7! Vcore=1.525v(bios); temp=50-55(full load); cooler=TRUX >< DAILY : 3,3GHz@FSB 472x7! Vcore=1.325v(default) (Brigs)
- L627A475 ==> 3,325GHz@FSB 475x7! Vcore=1.376(win); temp=64(OCCT 3hr 39min) >< 3,4@FSB 486x7! Vcore=1,4(win); temp=68(OCCT 31min) (X100)
- L627A169 ==> 3,472GHz@FSB 496x7! Vcore=1.425(bios)/1.360(win); temp=73(Orthos 35hr 45min) (phoxie_toxic)
- Q649A50 ==> 3,2GHz@
- L626A869 ==> 3,6GHz@FSB 514x7! vcore=1,528v(bios) (x100)

E4300 :
- L703C586 ==> 3,2GHz@ FSB 356. Vcore=1,4. Temp= 63 (full load) (springfield)
- Q641A387 ==> 3.15GHz@ FSB 350; VCore=1,325V (stabil SMP Folding 1 bulan, orthos, occt, prime95) (ray)
- Q640A489 ==> 3,2GHz@ FSB356x9; Vcore=1,28v >< 3,6GHz@ FSB400x8; Vcore=1,45v (X100)
- Q644A428 ==> 3,296@FSB366x9; Vcore=1,4 (WeHa)
- L707B616 ==> 3,608@FSB400x9; Vcore=1,488(cpuz) (SPi 2m) (ogel2)



other database : (thanx to : anubis2004)
E4300:
L640A Madmax22 3.9@1.58
L641A 1c0n 3.15@1.35
L641A JCushing 3.285@1.48
Q641A Mr Mojo 3.15@1.45
L643A rx7racer 3.0@1.424 actual, 1.4 vdroop@load
L643A Xeoc 3.15@1.39
L644A MasterKromm 3.0@1.335 3.2@1.435
L644A Wilson 3.15@1.3375
Q649A mcramen 3.15@1.4
L649F jasonck08 3.204@1.44

E6300:
L625A wankerfx 3.4@1.36
L626A The Pook 3.6@1.39
L627B Henrys 3.5@1.48
L628A waway625 2.8@1.275
L628A Mikey122687 3.3@1.072
L629A Hailscott 3.1@1.3
L630A adam144 3.3@1.3
L631A acoma andy 2.8@1.175 3.4@1.387 3.6@1.475 3.72@1.5
L631A silviastud 3.42@1.4
L632a speed demon 3.43@1.35
L632A technik 2.8@1.25
L637A bdattilo 3.34@???
Q640A kindredice 3.4@1.42

E6320
L707A goody24 3.15@1.35

E6400:
L626A boead 3.2@1.45
L629A monisriz 3.2@1.38
L629B Madmax22 3.85@???
L631B PDPSystems 3.2@1.175 3.6@1.332 3.8@1.398
L633a CravinR1 3.2@1.3 3.5@1.35
L639A pheoxs 3.0@1.34 bios, 1.325 measured

E6420:
L630B khurios 3.5@1.35 4@1.585
L645G ckp64 3.6@1.575
L646G bluedevil 3.4@1.45
L646G pjlietz 3.5@1.48
L646G cyant 3.52@1.52 bios, 1.48 actual

E6600:
L624A Chozart 3.5@1.5 set
L628A NuclearJock 3.24@1.28
l628A kanny 3.5@1.48
L628A WitchFire 3.6@1.425
L628A Madmax22 3.96@1.55
L628B Ihatethedukes 3.5@1.5
L629B CarbonTI 3.3@1.43
L629B The Viper 3.6@1.37
L629F NuclearCrap 3.6@1.37
L629F TheEddie 3.6@1.38 3.7@1.52 3.8@1.56 (all after vdroop)
L629F khurios2000 3.814@1.52v
L630A Intervention 3.5@1.35
L630B money11465 3.15@1.25
L630B trendy 3.6@1.42 3.2ghz@1.325 set, 1.28 measured
L630B CyberDruid 3.8@~1.57-1.62
L630F jpm 3.45@1.46
L631A Drax 3.825@1.46
L631B calvin924597 3.2@1.26 3.6@1.57
L632A mhill2029 3.4@1.33
L632A Kenshin1987 3.5@1.4
L632A Ihatethedukes 3.83@1.512
L633B calvin924597 3.2@1.22
L634F laluckaryves 3.4ghz@1.45
L636F GaarBear 3.2@1.35
L637F (CS:S King) 3.018@1.3875
L640A Equetefue 3.5@1.48 3.7@1.58
L641F calvin924597 3.2@1.39
L644G sotexpb 2.7@???
L645G TuxeyM 3.2@1.4 bios, 1.36 idle 1.34 loadload
L645G gg_Makavalian 3.2@1.475
L646G Chozart 3.4@1.475
L647G boead 3.5@???
L649G ericeod 3.24@1.22
L709A CarbonTI 3.5@1.42
L701C prism1029 3.0@1.45

E6700
L627A (ttk)RickJames 3.33@1.44 measured 1.5 bios
L627A Chozart 3.4@1.525 set
L627A Thumper 3.5Ghz@1.35 measured 1.41 bios
L628A cl3p20 3.9ghz@1.61vcore

Q6600:
L635 knitelife 4.0@1.56 measured
L640 knitelife 3.28@1.44 measured
L640 knitelife 3.33@1.42 measured

X3210 (Xeon Quad)
L640F Chozart 2.9@1.472V measured

QX6850 Table-----------------------------------

QX6850 G0 - L723A658 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.36v - ASUS Blitz Formula - by ---------Cordovader

QX6700 Table----------------------------

QX6700 B3 - L638A*** - 3.8Ghz (13x293) P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.52v - EVGA 680i - by ---------CraptacularOne
QX6700 B3 - L639A615 - 3.52Ghz P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.41v - ASUS P5WDH - by ---------------Luis_GT

Q6700 Table-----------------------------
Q6700 G0 - L713A358(ES) - 4Ghz (445x9) P stable - PC (custom) - 1.52v - Abit IP35 PRO - by ---------doom_st

Q6600 Table-----------------------------

Q6600 G0 - L727A934 - 4Ghz P stable - PC Vapo LS - 1.425v - ASUS P5K Prem - by --------------dragonhunter
Q6600 G0 - L723A795 - 4Ghz P stable - PC jinu117 - 1.485v - ASUS P5K Prem - by ----------------billdavis
Q6600 G0 - L724A629 - 4Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.6v - EVGA 680i - by ----------------turtletrax
Q6600 G0 - L724A784 - 4Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.62v - ASUS P5K Prem - by ----------TinTin
Q6600 G0 - L723B010 - 4Ghz (500x8) P stable - WC D-Tek fuzion - 1.64v - ASUS Blitz Formula - by Ic3man
Q6600 G0 - L725B057 - 3.9Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.496V - ASUS P5K-E - by ----------dj883u2
Q6600 G0 - L723B284 - 3.9Ghz P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.52v- DFI P35-T2R - by - ------------RLM
Q6600 G0 - L726A840 - 3.9Ghz P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.5375v - EVGA 680i - by -------------CraptacularOne
Q6600 G0 - L726A951 - 3.85Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.52v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ---------no_n|ck
Q6600 G0 - L726A850 - 3.85Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.537v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by --------crossg.
Q6600 G0 - L727A918 - 3.82Ghz P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.52v - ASUS Striker Extreme - by ---linflas
Q6600 G0 - L724A*** - 3.82Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.54v - ASUS Striker Extreme - by -nugzo
Q6600 G0 - L723A674 - 3.81Ghz P stable - WC Apogee GT- 1.54v Gigabyte DS4 - by --------------aspms*
Q6600 G0 - L726A*** - 3.8Ghz P stable - WC - 1.43v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -----------------------njkid32
Q6600 G0 - L727A673 - 3.8Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra - 1.472v - Gigabtye P35-DQ6 - by ----------dertimaushh
Q6600 G0 - L720B066 - 3.8Ghz P stable - AC TR 120 - 1.5v - Abit IP35 Pro - by -------------------Ace-a-Rue
Q6600 G0 - L726A849 - 3.8Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.5v ASUS P5K E - by ----------------sam95ta
Q6600 G0 - L724A*** - 3.8Ghz P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.55v - DFI P35-T2R - by -------------RLM
Q6600 G0 - L719B278 - 3.8Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.6v - Abit IP35-Pro - by - ----------vkostas
Q6600 G0 - L720B023 - 3.76Ghz P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.475v - ASUS P5K Prem - by ---------cfree1012
Q6600 G0 - L720B066 - 3.73Ghz P stable - WC ApogeeGTX - 1.44v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -----------NaeKuh
Q6600 G0 - L726A951 - 3.71Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.425v - ASUS Striker Extreme - by --cliffy
Q6600 G0 - L723A963 - 3.7Ghz P stable - WC - 1.43v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -----------------------njkid32
Q6600 G0 - L719B272 - 3.7Ghz P stable - WC Storm G4 - 1.44v - Gigabyte P35 DS4 - by ----------Xiphias-Gladius
Q6600 G0 - L726A601 - 3.7Ghz P stable - *cooling not listed* - 1.45v - *mobo not listed* - by ----sergmann
Q6600 G0 - L727A934 - 3.7Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.475v - ASUS P5B Dlx - by ----------drynyks
Q6600 G0 - L723A917 - 3.7Ghz P stable - WC Storm G4 - 1.48v - ASUS P5K Prem - by -------------Fosco
Q6600 G0 - L724A760 - 3.7Ghz (462x8) P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.49v - EVGA 680i - by ------nugzo
Q6600 G0 - L724A900 - 3.7Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.5v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -------------sobol
Q6600 G0 - L719B*** - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra-120 - 1.385v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ----------rbsmontemor
Q6600 G0 - L719B271 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC Tuniq Tower - 1.39v - Gigabyte P35 DQ6 - by --------3NZ0
Q6600 G0 - L724A786 - 3.6Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.396v - abit IP35 Pro - by ----------largon
Q6600 G0 - L726A840 - 3.6Ghz P stable - WC - 1.41v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ------------------------njkid32
Q6600 G0 - L726A850 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.41v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ------------crossg
Q6600 G0 - L720B080 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.4125v - EVGA 690i - by -------------CikaNovo
Q6600 G0 - L723A825 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.42v - Gigabyte DS3-R - by ---------[XC] 4X4N
Q6600 G0 - L727A963 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.4625v - ASUS P5K-E - by -----------ThePrutser
Q6600 G0 - L723A963 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC Tuniq Tower - 1.475v - ASUS P5K Prem - by ---------ocZZZ
Q6600 B3 - **(ES)** - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.475v ASUS P5K Dlx - by -------------BND|MOD
Q6600 G0 - L721A814 - 3.6Ghz (450x8) P stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.54v - ASUS P5K Dlx - By -----badboy
Q6600 G0 - L723A978 - 3.6Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.575 - P35-DS3R - by ----------------Ch0p5t1ckB01
Q6600 G0 - L727A658 - 3.55Ghz P stable - AC Cooler Master Gemini II - 1.56v - Abit IP35-E - by ---dragonhunter
Q6600 G0 - L720B062 - 3.51Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.45v - Gigabyte P965 - by ----------vocch
Q6600 G0 - L724A760 - 3.51Ghz P stable - AC Scythe Infinity - 1.48v - DFI P965S - by ------------GripS
Q6600 G0 - L727A673 - 3.42Ghz P stable - AC Tuniq Tower - 1.375v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ----------timber715
Q6600 G0 - L727A934 - 3.42Ghz P stable - WC - 1.43v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -----------------------njkid32
Q6600 G0 - L720B013 - 3.4Ghz P stable - AC TR 120 Ultra - 1.375v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -----------sobol
Q6600 B3 - L645G523 - 3.4Ghz (425x8) P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.44v - EVGA 680i - by --------zodduska
Q6600 G0 - L726A855 - 3.4Ghz P stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.55v - Gigabyte GA P35 DS3R - By ----road-runner
Q6600 B3 - L644G135 - 3.3Ghz P stable - AC Scythe Infinity - 1.4v DFI P965S - by ----------------The Nemesis

Xeon X3220 Table--------------------------
X3220 B3 - L640F058 - 3.6Ghz P stable -WC Apogee GTX - 1.6v - DFI 680i - by ------------------VirtualRain

Xeon X3210 Table--------------------------
X3210 G0 - L723A*** - 3.6Ghz P stable - WC D-Tek Fuzion - 1.42v - ASUS P5K Prem - by --------sofarfrome

WP & 32m Stable Results------------------
Q6600 G0 - L723A924 - 4.41 Ghz Wp 1024m stable -PC Vapo LS - 1.68v - Abit IP35-Pro - by - -----ncsa
Q6600 G0 - L721A814 - 4.2Ghz Wp 32m stable - WC Apogee GTX - 1.68v - DFI UT P35-2TR - by ---sco999
Q6600 G0 - L722A784 - 4.11Ghz Wp 32m stable - WC - 1.56v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -----------------njkid32
Q6600 G0 - L726A850 - 4.03Ghz 32m stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.612v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by --------crossg
Q6600 B3 - L634A700 - 3.9Ghz 32m stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.58v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ----------BND|MOD
Q6600 B3 - **(ES)** - 3.8Ghz 32m stable - AC TR Ultra 120 - 1.5v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by -----------BND|MOD ****single 32m Pi stable****
Q6600 B3 - L634A700 - 3.72Ghz Wp 1024m stable - WC Apogee GT - 1.55v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ----BND|MOD
Q6600 G0 - L720B028 - 3.6Ghz 32m stable - WC Reserator 1 - 1.5v - ASUS P5K Dlx - by ------------yobi ****single 32m pi stable****